{"id":14515,"date":"2021-09-20T07:00:47","date_gmt":"2021-09-20T05:00:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.welovecycling.com\/cs\/?p=14515"},"modified":"2021-09-20T15:18:34","modified_gmt":"2021-09-20T13:18:34","slug":"brilantni-vynalezy-ktere-navzdy-zmenily-kolo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.welovecycling.com\/cs\/2021\/09\/20\/brilantni-vynalezy-ktere-navzdy-zmenily-kolo\/","title":{"rendered":"Brilantn\u00ed vyn\u00e1lezy, kter\u00e9 nav\u017edy zm\u011bnily kolo"},"content":{"rendered":"

Co v\u00e1s napadne jako prvn\u00ed, kdy\u017e si p\u0159e\u010dtete titulek? Brzda? Polstrovan\u00e9 sedlo? Zvonek na \u0159\u00edd\u00edtk\u00e1ch? Mo\u017en\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1stky, ale vra\u0165me se do je\u0161t\u011b hlub\u0161\u00edho cyklistick\u00e9ho prav\u011bku, kdy bicykl teprve dost\u00e1val svou tv\u00e1\u0159. Toto byly vyn\u00e1lezy, kter\u00e9 p\u0159inesly opravdovou revoluci cyklistiky.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Laufmaschine<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Jiskra, kter\u00e1 to cel\u00e9 odstartovala, vzpl\u00e1la v hlav\u011b n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho v\u011bd\u00e1tora Karla Draise n\u011bkdy v roce 1817. Tou dobou se Evropa u\u017e n\u011bkolik let pot\u00fdkala se slabou sklizn\u00ed, t\u00edm se z\u00e1vratn\u011b zvy\u0161ovala cena ovsa a dr\u017eet si kon\u011b pro dopravu bylo v\u00fdsadou vyvolen\u00fdch. A tak kdy\u017e Drais hledal n\u00e1hradn\u00ed prost\u0159edek, kter\u00fd nepot\u0159eboval krmit, dostal n\u00e1pad, kter\u00fd nazval Laufmaschine neboli b\u011bhac\u00ed stroj, kter\u00fd od t\u00e9 doby nese n\u00e1zev draisina.<\/p>\n

\"Prvn\u00ed<\/a>
Prvn\u00ed kolo, respektive model historicky prvn\u00edho bicyklu. Foto: profimedia (3x)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Jezdec sed\u011bl obkro\u010dmo na spojnici dvou kol a odstrkoval se nohama jako na modern\u00edm d\u011btsk\u00e9m odr\u00e1\u017eedle. Aby demonstroval p\u0159\u00ednosy sv\u00e9ho vyn\u00e1lezu, absolvoval Drais zhruba 15kilometrovou trasu z Mannheimu do Schwetzingen a zp\u011bt za n\u011bco m\u00e1lo p\u0159es hodinu. Bohu\u017eel ale kvalita silnic na za\u010d\u00e1tku 19. stolet\u00ed byla tak tragick\u00e1, \u017ee se sotva kde dalo na draisin\u011b jezdit. Na dobr\u00fdch povr\u0161\u00edch se v\u0161ak uk\u00e1zala rychlej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ch\u016fze, tak\u017ee jezdci \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edvali dl\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9 chodn\u00edky, co\u017e nakonec vl\u00e1du vedlo k z\u00e1kazu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto stroje.<\/p>\n

Ped\u00e1ly<\/strong><\/h2>\n

My\u0161lenka dvoukolov\u00e9ho transportu spala asi \u010dty\u0159icet rok\u016f do 60. let 19. stolet\u00ed, kdy se v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei a na v\u00fdchod\u011b USA objevila kola poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 ped\u00e1ly na p\u0159edn\u00edm kole. Komu p\u0159esn\u011b tuto my\u0161lenku p\u0159isuzovat, nen\u00ed dodnes zcela jasn\u00e9, ale jasn\u00e9 je, \u017ee Rene Olivier a jeho brat\u0159i a soub\u011b\u017en\u011b taky mlad\u00fd francouzsk\u00fd mechanik Pierre Lallement byli mezi pion\u00fdry my\u0161lenky.<\/p>\n

\n
\"o-bidonu-smlouve-v-tymu-a-vitezstvi-v-srdci-xander-graham-a-pascal-eenkhoorn-hvezdami-i-bez-vyhry\"\/<\/a><\/div>
\n Silni\u010dn\u00ed cyklistika<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
\n \n

O bidonu, \u201esmlouv\u011b\u201c v t\u00fdmu a v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed v srdci. Xander Graham a Pascal Eenkhoorn hv\u011bzdami i bez v\u00fdhry<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/article>\n<\/div>\n

Pohon ped\u00e1ly znamenal, \u017ee jezdec se pro pohyb vp\u0159ed nemusel za j\u00edzdy dot\u00fdkat zem\u011b, co\u017e u soudob\u00fdch pozorovatel\u016f vyvol\u00e1valo \u00fa\u017eas. Ped\u00e1ly umo\u017e\u0148ovaly rychlost p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed 20 kilometr\u016f v hodin\u011b. P\u0159ich\u00e1zelo kolo, jak je zn\u00e1me dnes.<\/p>\n

Vypl\u00e9tan\u00e1 kola<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Kola, kde r\u00e1fky a n\u00e1boj spojuj\u00ed dr\u00e1ty, vymyslel v roce 1808 leteck\u00fd in\u017een\u00fdr George Cayley, ale jejich prvn\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 komer\u010dn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed m\u011bla na starost a\u017e kola a Eug\u00e8ne Meyer si v roce 1869 za\u017e\u00e1dal o patent na tuto my\u0161lenku. Takov\u00e1 kola byla z\u00e1sadn\u011b leh\u010d\u00ed ne\u017e d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 loukot\u011b. Stejn\u011b jako tomu bylo u lo\u017eisek, \u0159et\u011bz\u016f nebo oceli, p\u0159isp\u011bla cyklistika k technologick\u00e9mu pokroku.<\/p>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nkov\u00fd \u0159et\u011bz<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Kostit\u0159asy 19. stolet\u00ed se v\u0161ak brzy m\u011bly st\u00e1t minulost\u00ed, proto\u017ee jejich jedin\u00fd p\u0159evod byl limituj\u00edc\u00ed. A tak kdosi p\u0159i\u0161el s t\u00edm, \u017ee \u0159et\u011bz a pastorky by mohly nav\u00fd\u0161it p\u0159evody. Jenom\u017ee prvn\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzy byly t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9, neefektivn\u00ed a nespolehliv\u00e9. Pr\u016flom p\u0159i\u0161el v roce 1880 s n\u00e1padem Hanse Renoldse, kter\u00fd sestrojil \u010dl\u00e1nkov\u00fd \u0159et\u011bz a vylep\u0161il v\u00fdrobn\u00ed proces, tak\u017ee \u0159et\u011bzy se mohly za\u010d\u00edt produkovat masov\u011b.<\/p>\n

\u201eBezpe\u010dn\u00e9\u201c kolo<\/strong><\/h2>\n

V 70. letech p\u0159edminul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed se za\u010dala objevovat kola nepodobn\u00e1 t\u011bm, na kter\u00fdch jezdili ti hazard\u00e9\u0159i na vysok\u00fdch kostit\u0159asech. A t\u00edm, \u017ee u\u017eivatel sed\u011bl bl\u00ed\u017ee zemi, je za\u010dali naz\u00fdvat bezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi. Prvn\u00ed opravdu bezpe\u010dn\u00fd stroj byl Rover od Johna Kemp Starleyho z roku 1885, kter\u00fd u\u017e v mnoh\u00e9m p\u0159ipom\u00ednal sv\u00fdmi tvary modern\u00ed bicykl: vypleten\u00e1 kola o stejn\u00e9m pr\u016fm\u011bru poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 \u0159et\u011bzem skrze zadn\u00ed kolo.<\/p>\n

\"Rover\"<\/a>
Bicykl Rover od Johna Kemp Starleyho z roku 1885.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A byl to geni\u00e1ln\u00ed krok, proto\u017ee u\u017e nehrozilo, \u017ee p\u0159i p\u00e1du p\u016fjde u\u017eivatel hlavou nap\u0159ed k zemi, a tak se kolo stalo atrakc\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho publika, ne jen t\u011bch mlad\u00fdch, odv\u00e1\u017en\u00fdch sportovc\u016f. Starleyho spole\u010dnost se po smrti zakladatele prom\u011bnila ve v\u00fdrobce motorek a aut a dnes nese n\u00e1zev Jaguar Land Rover Limited.<\/p>\n

Pneumatiky<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Sice se to tak traduje, ale pravda to nen\u00ed \u2013 John Boyd Dunlop NEVYNALEZL pneumatiky. Patent poch\u00e1z\u00ed z roku 1845 a sv\u00edt\u00ed pod n\u00edm jm\u00e9no Robert William Thomson, Dunlop jej v\u0161ak rozvinul a zp\u0159\u00edstupnil.<\/p>\n

\n
\"testujeme-jednostopa-skoda-emtb-pro-dravce-i-pohodare-welovecycling-cr\"\/<\/a><\/div>
\n Rady & tipy<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
\n \n

TEST: Elektrokolo \u0160koda eMTB pro dravce i pohod\u00e1\u0159e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/article>\n<\/div>\n

Do t\u00e9 doby se cyklistick\u00e9 obut\u00ed vyr\u00e1b\u011blo sice z pry\u017ee, ale pln\u00e9, tak\u017ee j\u00edzda byla v\u0161echno jen ne komfortn\u00ed. Zakomponov\u00e1n\u00edm vrstvy vzduchu mezi jezdce a asfalt se v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ilo j\u00edzdn\u00ed pohodl\u00ed, ale i bezpe\u010dnost. A v\u00fdhoda nastala je\u0161t\u011b v jednom sm\u011bru \u2013 pneumatiky zrychlily j\u00edzdu, proto\u017ee jejich valiv\u00fd odpor se sn\u00ed\u017eil.<\/p>\n

Paralelogramov\u00e1 p\u0159ehazova\u010dka<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Geni\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1pad v souboji s vrstevnicemi \u2013 aby jezdec mohl stejn\u011b pohodln\u011b \u0161lapat po rovin\u011b i v kopci, aby mohl p\u0159izp\u016fsobit p\u0159evody n\u00e1klonu vozovky. S t\u00edm, jak vzr\u016fstala odvaha cyklistick\u00fdch pion\u00fdr\u016f maj\u00edc\u00edch za c\u00edl zdol\u00e1vat horsk\u00e1 sedla, rostla taky pot\u0159eba vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho po\u010dtu p\u0159evod\u016f.<\/p>\n

Tak vznikl m\u011bni\u010d, kter\u00fd posouval \u0159et\u011bz mezi pastorky. Trvalo v\u0161ak dek\u00e1dy, ne\u017e p\u0159ehazova\u010dka z\u00edskala svou modern\u00ed podobu. Ta prvn\u00ed, se dv\u011bma kladkami na nap\u00ednac\u00edm vod\u00edtku a paralelogramov\u00fdm t\u011blem, vznikla ve francouzsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti Nivex v roce 1938, ale neprosadila se, proto\u017ee byla p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 drah\u00e1. Tak\u017ee prvn\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bch zaznamenal Tullio Campagnolo, kter\u00fd p\u0159edstavil p\u0159ehazova\u010dku Gran Sport v roce 1951.<\/p>\n

A ti dal\u0161\u00ed…<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Volnob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 kole\u010dko, kter\u00e9 umo\u017enilo ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed kola bez nutnosti ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed ped\u00e1ly, vzniklo v roce 1869 pod rukama Williama Van Andenina.<\/p>\n

Lykru s povd\u011bkem adoptoval z\u00e1vodn\u00ed peloton jako n\u00e1hradu za vlnu, ze kter\u00e9 se do t\u00e9 doby vyr\u00e1b\u011bly cyklistick\u00e9 svr\u0161ky. A ta kdy\u017e se \u201enacucla\u201c de\u0161t\u011bm \u010di potem, fungovala jako z\u00e1va\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Indexov\u00e9 \u0159azen\u00ed p\u0159edstavilo Shimano a zaji\u0161\u0165ovalo p\u0159esn\u00e9 p\u0159ehozen\u00ed p\u0159evodu do nastaven\u00e9 pozice bez nutnosti dal\u0161\u00edho lad\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1\u0161lapn\u00e9 ped\u00e1ly jsou vychyt\u00e1vka, bez kter\u00e9 si u\u017e dnes zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 z\u00e1vodn\u00ed pojet\u00ed cyklistiky neum\u00edme p\u0159edstavit. Nebo v\u00e1s snad p\u0159edstava utahov\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u017een\u00fdch \u0159em\u00ednk\u016f je\u0161t\u011b v\u00e1b\u00ed?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Co v\u00e1s napadne jako prvn\u00ed, kdy\u017e si p\u0159e\u010dtete titulek? Brzda? Polstrovan\u00e9 sedlo? Zvonek na \u0159\u00edd\u00edtk\u00e1ch? Mo\u017en\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1stky, ale vra\u0165me […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":138,"featured_media":11465,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[660],"tags":[1885,126,1881,1880,56,1882,1883,350,1884,9,1879],"global-categories":[411],"class_list":["post-14515","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-https-www-welovecycling-com-cs-category-zabava","tag-clankovy-retez","tag-cyklistika","tag-historie-bicyklu","tag-historie-kola","tag-horska-cyklistika","tag-laufmaschine","tag-paralelogramova-prehazovacka","tag-pedaly","tag-pneumatiky","tag-silnicni-cyklistika","tag-vypletana-kola","global-categories-cycling"],"yoast_head":"\nBrilantn\u00ed vyn\u00e1lezy, kter\u00e9 nav\u017edy zm\u011bnily kolo | \u0160koda We Love Cycling - \u010cesk\u00e1 republika<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cyklistick\u00fd prav\u011bk, kdy bicykl teprve dost\u00e1val svou tv\u00e1\u0159. 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